Nevada is one of the states of the United States. The standard abbreviation for the “Silver State,” as it is nicknamed, is NV. The capital is Carson City. Nevada is the driest state in the United States and consists mainly of (semi)deserts such as the Great Basin Desert and the Mojave Desert. Large parts of the state are virtually uninhabited. The population is highly concentrated: in the northwest around the city of Reno and the relatively small capital Carson City, and in the south in the metropolis of Las Vegas. Nevada's history is mainly marked by mining and the gambling industry. The large population growth due to massive (white) immigration started in 1859. Jasper is an opaque and finely crystalline variety of quartz. The chemical composition is identical to that of agate, flint and chert. The colors are variable, from yellow through red and red-brown to green. Jasper stones are cut and polished to be set in jewelry. The name jasper is derived from a Semitic language via Latin and Greek (íaspis) and means "spotted or speckled stone".