Gemstones, rare minerals that are often used in jewelry and decorative objects, are known for their beauty, which is expressed in visual aspects such as color, shine, fire, transparency and light effects. Durability, determined by hardness, fragility/cleavage and chemical resistance, is also essential. The rarity of a gemstone influences how often it occurs in nature. There are various cutting shapes, including the cabochon, a spherical cutting method, and faceted cutting shapes, in which the surface of the stone is divided into multiple facets. When cutting, characteristics such as color, color distribution, inclusions, special light effects, dispersion and fracture and grinding surfaces are considered. Gemstones are not only popular in necklaces, earrings, bracelets and other jewelry, but also have industrial applications. Well-known examples are diamond, ruby, emerald, sapphire, aquamarine, topaz, tourmaline, amethyst, citrine, carnelian, opal, onyx, turquoise, lapis lazuli and garnet. In the 18th and early 19th centuries it was popular to make jewelry with the name or initials of a person, led by the first letter of the name of the gemstone, resulting in the gem alphabet. In the 19th century acrostic jewelry emerged, in which feelings were expressed with gemstones. The best-known example is the English 'regard' ring, an engagement ring in which the word 'regard' was formed by the English names of the gemstones ruby, emerald, garnet, amethyst and diamond.